When it comes to trusted kitchen appliances, KitchenAid stands out for its durability and versatile designs. The KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt Head Stand Mixer in Pistachio earns the top spot for overall performance and style, making it a favorite for serious home bakers. For those seeking professional capacity, the KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer offers increased power and volume, ideal for larger batches. Meanwhile, the KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Tilt-Head Mixer provides a budget-friendly option for everyday use. Readers face tradeoffs between size, power, and price—continue reading for a detailed breakdown of each model and what suits your kitchen best.
Open a free Amazon Business account
Business pricing, bulk buying and tax-exempt orders.
Create a free accountAs an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The top-tier KitchenAid mixers balance power, capacity, and build quality, but come at a premium price.
- Bowl-lift models excel in handling larger quantities and heavier doughs, ideal for frequent baking or larger families.
- Attachments like the Food Grinder and Slicer expand versatility but add to the initial investment and storage needs.
- Design choices, such as color and material, influence aesthetic compatibility but may impact durability and maintenance.
- Budget-friendly options tend to compromise on capacity and motor strength, making them suitable for casual bakers.
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt Head Stand Mixer, Pistachio | ![]() | Best Overall for Versatile Baking and Large Batches | Brand: KitchenAid | Model: KSM150PSPT | Capacity: 5 Quart | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid Metal Food Grinder Attachment for Stand Mixers | ![]() | Best for Versatility in Food Processing | Brand: KitchenAid | Model Number: KSMMGA | Warranty: 1 Year | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-Head Stand Mixer, KSM150PS, Black Matte | ![]() | Best for Style-Conscious Bakers Needing Large Capacity | Brand: KitchenAid | Model: KSM150PS | Capacity: 5 Quart | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-Head Stand Mixer, KSM150PS, Almond Cream | ![]() | Best for Color-Driven Personalization | Brand: KitchenAid | Model: KSM150PSAC | Capacity: 5 Quart | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer with Accessories | ![]() | Best for Heavy-Duty, Large-Scale Baking | Brand: KitchenAid | Model: KSM70SKXX | Capacity: 7 quarts | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid 5.5-Qt Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer, KSM55SXXX, Porcelain White | ![]() | Best Overall for Heavy-Duty Baking and Versatility | Capacity: 5.5 quarts | Color: Porcelain White | Number of Speeds: 11 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid KSMVSA Fresh Prep Slicer and Shredder Attachment | ![]() | Best for Easy Food Prep and Versatility | Included Components: Attachment, 3mm Slicing Blade, 4mm Medium Shredding Blade, 6mm Coarse Shredding Blade, Food Pusher, Storage Case | Recommended Uses: Vegetables | Warranty: 1 Year | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer K45SS, Onyx Black | ![]() | Best Budget-Friendly Tilt-Head Mixer for Small to Medium Batches | Capacity: 4.5 Quarts | Material: Stainless Steel | Number of Speeds: 10 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer K45SS, White | ![]() | Best for Large Batches in Small Spaces | Capacity: 4.5 Quarts | Motor Power: 275W | Speeds: 10 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| KitchenAid | Capacity | Brand | Number of Speeds | Color |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt H | 5 Quart | KitchenAid | 10 | Pistachio |
| KitchenAid Metal Food Grinder | — | KitchenAid | — | — |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-H | 5 Quart | KitchenAid | 10 | Black Matte |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-H | 5 Quart | KitchenAid | 10 | Almond Cream |
| KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift S | 7 quarts | KitchenAid | — | — |
| KitchenAid 5.5-Qt Bowl-Lift St | 5.5 quarts | — | 11 | Porcelain White |
| KitchenAid KSMVSA Fresh Prep S | — | — | — | — |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 | 4.5 Quarts | — | 10 | — |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 | 4.5 Quarts | — | — | White with silver trim |
More Details on Our Top Picks
KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt Head Stand Mixer, Pistachio
This model stands out for its combination of durability, capacity, and style, making it a top choice for serious home bakers. Its metal construction and 5-quart stainless steel bowl ensure longevity, while the 10-speed settings provide flexibility for everything from kneading to whipping. The tilt-head design simplifies ingredient addition, and the wide color selection allows customization to match any kitchen decor. Compared with the smaller KitchenAid Classic models, this mixer offers a larger bowl and more power, though it is heavier and less portable. It’s ideal for those who frequently bake in larger quantities and want a reliable, stylish appliance.
Pros:- Durable metal construction for long-lasting use
- Large 5-quart stainless steel bowl ideal for big batches
- 10 adjustable speeds for versatile mixing
- Tilt-head for easy ingredient access
Cons:- Heavier and less portable than compact models
- Limited to stand mixer functions without attachments
Best for: Bakers who need a durable, large-capacity mixer that can handle frequent, big batches with style.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens with limited counter space or users seeking a lightweight, portable mixer.
- Brand:KitchenAid
- Model:KSM150PSPT
- Capacity:5 Quart
- Material:Metal
- Bowl Material:Stainless Steel
- Number of Speeds:10
- Color:Pistachio
- Included Components:Stainless Steel Bowl, Pouring Shield
Our verdict“This mixer makes the most sense for dedicated bakers seeking power, capacity, and style in a durable package.”
KitchenAid Metal Food Grinder Attachment for Stand Mixers
This attachment broadens the functionality of your KitchenAid stand mixer, allowing you to grind meats, cheeses, and bread crumbs with ease. It features multiple grinding plates and sausage tubes for a range of textures and uses, along with a large tray that speeds up prep work. Compared to standalone food processors, this attachment integrates seamlessly with your mixer, saving countertop space. However, it requires a compatible KitchenAid stand mixer to operate, and some users find cleaning the grinding parts a bit tedious. It’s perfect for those who want to expand their mixer’s capabilities without investing in a separate appliance.
Pros:- Easy to attach and compatible with all KitchenAid stand mixers
- Includes multiple grinding plates and sausage tubes for versatility
- Large food tray reduces prep time
- Organized storage case for accessories
Cons:- Requires separate purchase of a stand mixer
- Cleaning grinding plates can be time-consuming
Best for: Home cooks who already own a KitchenAid stand mixer and want a multi-functional food prep tool.
Not ideal for: Users without a KitchenAid mixer or those seeking a dedicated, standalone food grinder.
- Brand:KitchenAid
- Model Number:KSMMGA
- Warranty:1 Year
- Item Count:1
- Included Components:Food tray, pusher, grinding plates, sausage stuffer tubes, cleaning brush
- Compatibility:All KitchenAid Stand Mixers
Our verdict“This attachment is well-suited for home cooks looking to add meat grinding and food prep versatility to their KitchenAid setup.”
KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-Head Stand Mixer, KSM150PS, Black Matte
This version of the Artisan series emphasizes style without sacrificing performance, making it ideal for those who want a durable, attractive mixer. It shares the same 5-quart stainless steel bowl and 10-speed controls as other Artisan models, but its Black Matte finish offers a modern, sleek look. The tilt-head design allows quick access for adding ingredients, and the large capacity suits batch baking. Compared to the Pistachio model, this one offers a different aesthetic but similar core features. It’s best for users who prioritize both visual appeal and reliable performance, though it can be heavy and pricey.
Pros:- Durable metal construction built for longevity
- Large 5-quart stainless steel bowl for big batches
- Easy to add ingredients with tilt-head design
- Available in over 20 vibrant colors
Cons:- Heavy and potentially bulky for small kitchens
- Optional attachments are sold separately
Best for: Design-savvy bakers who want a large-capacity mixer that complements a modern kitchen aesthetic.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or those seeking lightweight, less expensive options with basic features.
- Brand:KitchenAid
- Model:KSM150PS
- Capacity:5 Quart
- Color:Black Matte
- Number of Speeds:10
- Bowl Material:Stainless Steel
- Included Components:Bowl, Flat Beater, Dough Hook, Wire Whip, Pouring Shield
Our verdict“Ideal for style-conscious bakers who desire a robust, large-capacity mixer with aesthetic flexibility.”
KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-Head Stand Mixer, KSM150PS, Almond Cream
This Almond Cream version adds a soft, inviting hue to the reliable Artisan platform. It offers the same core features as other Artisan mixers, including 5-quart stainless steel bowl, 10 speeds, and a tilt-head design for easy ingredient access. Its compatibility with over 20 attachments makes it a versatile choice for various kitchen tasks. Compared to the Pistachio or Black Matte variants, this color emphasizes aesthetic appeal, appealing to those who want their mixer to match their kitchen decor. However, like other Artisan models, it is relatively heavy and carries a higher price tag. It’s perfect for owners prioritizing style and performance in equal measure.
Pros:- Durable metal construction for longevity
- Large 5-quart stainless steel bowl for big batches
- Tilt-head design for easy ingredient addition
- Vibrant color options to match decor
Cons:- Relatively heavy and bulky for small kitchens
- Additional attachments sold separately
Best for: Home bakers who want a colorful, stylish mixer that can handle a variety of culinary tasks.
Not ideal for: Those seeking a lightweight or budget-friendly mixer, as additional attachments are sold separately.
- Brand:KitchenAid
- Model:KSM150PSAC
- Capacity:5 Quart
- Color:Almond Cream
- Number of Speeds:10
- Includes:Pouring Shield
Our verdict“Best suited for style-focused bakers who want a reliable, colorful mixer with broad versatility.”
KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer with Accessories
This larger model emphasizes power and capacity, making it suitable for serious bakers or small commercial kitchens. Its 7-quart stainless steel bowl and 11 speeds provide ample room and control for dense, heavy ingredients. The bowl-lift design offers stability when handling large quantities, and the included multiple attachments expand its functionality. Compared with the 5-quart models, this mixer handles bigger batches with more stability, but it is significantly heavier and more expensive. The higher price and size make it less ideal for small kitchens or casual users, but for those focused on large, intensive baking tasks, it’s a formidable choice.
Pros:- Powerful 11-speed performance for heavy ingredients
- Large 7-quart capacity suitable for big batches
- Stable bowl-lift design for heavy loads
- Includes multiple versatile attachments
Cons:- Attachments sold separately
- Heavy and bulky, harder to move around
Best for: Bakers and small-scale commercial users requiring maximum capacity and power for dense recipes.
Not ideal for: Users with limited space or those who only need a small, lightweight mixer for occasional use.
- Brand:KitchenAid
- Model:KSM70SKXX
- Capacity:7 quarts
- Speeds:11
- Bowl Type:Stainless steel
- Design:Bowl-Lift
- Included Attachments:Double flex edge beater, flat beater, dough hook, wire whip, pouring shield
Our verdict“This mixer is best for users who need maximum capacity and power for frequent, large-batch baking or mixing jobs.”
KitchenAid 5.5-Qt Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer, KSM55SXXX, Porcelain White
This Bowl-Lift model stands out for its powerful motor and large 5.5-quart capacity, making it the ideal choice for serious bakers who need to mix large batches or dense doughs. Unlike the tilt-head Classic Series, it offers a more stable lift mechanism, which reduces wobbling when handling heavy ingredients. Its compatibility with over 10 attachments adds a layer of versatility that surpasses basic models. However, the tradeoff is its heavier weight and higher price, which could be a concern for those with limited storage space or budget constraints. Still, for those seeking professional performance at home, this mixer delivers.
Pros:- Powerful motor with 11 speeds for versatile mixing
- Stable, locking bowl suitable for heavy ingredients
- Compatible with over 10 attachments for expanded use
- Large 5.5-quart capacity for big batches
Cons:- Attachments sold separately, adding to cost
- Heavy and bulky, challenging to store
- Higher price point compared to tilt-head models
Best for: Bakers and home chefs who regularly prepare large batches or dense doughs and desire maximum stability and versatility.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or casual users who prefer a lighter, more affordable, or less bulky mixer.
- Capacity:5.5 quarts
- Color:Porcelain White
- Number of Speeds:11
- Includes:Flat Beater, Dough Hook, Wire Whip, Stainless Steel Bowl
- Warranty:1 Year
Our verdict“This mixer is best for serious bakers needing robust performance and expandability, despite its size and cost.”
KitchenAid KSMVSA Fresh Prep Slicer and Shredder Attachment
This attachment transforms your stand mixer into a powerful food prep tool, comparable to the versatility of the KitchenAid Artisan series but focused on slicing and shredding tasks. It includes multiple blades that can handle vegetables, cheeses, and more, making meal prep quicker and more organized. Unlike standalone food processors, this attachment leverages your existing mixer, saving space and money. The main tradeoff is the need for a KitchenAid stand mixer to operate it, and the blades can be tricky to handle safely. For those who already own a KitchenAid mixer and want to streamline prep, this attachment offers excellent value.
Pros:- Versatile slicing and shredding capabilities
- Includes multiple blades for different textures
- Easy to clean and store in the provided case
- Utilizes existing KitchenAid stand mixer
Cons:- Requires a compatible KitchenAid stand mixer
- Blades require careful handling for safety
- Bulkier than standalone slicers or shredders
Best for: Home cooks who want to expand their stand mixer’s capabilities for slicing and shredding without purchasing separate appliances.
Not ideal for: Users without a KitchenAid stand mixer or those seeking a dedicated food processor, as it requires the mixer to operate.
- Included Components:Attachment, 3mm Slicing Blade, 4mm Medium Shredding Blade, 6mm Coarse Shredding Blade, Food Pusher, Storage Case
- Recommended Uses:Vegetables
- Warranty:1 Year
Our verdict“A smart choice for KitchenAid owners looking to add food prep versatility without extra gadgets, with some safety considerations.”
KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer K45SS, Onyx Black
This Classic Series mixer offers a durable, all-metal build with a 4.5-quart stainless steel bowl, making it suitable for everyday baking. Compared to the larger and more powerful 5.5-quart Bowl-Lift model, it provides less capacity and slightly fewer features, but still includes 10 speeds and compatibility with many attachments. Its tilt-head design allows easy access to ingredients, a convenience the bowl-lift models lack. However, for large batches or dense doughs, the smaller capacity can be limiting. It’s a reliable choice for those on a budget or with limited space, prioritizing ease of use over heavy-duty capacity.
Pros:- Durable metal construction for longevity
- Tilt-head design for easy ingredient addition
- 10-speed control for versatility
- Compatible with many attachments
Cons:- Limited to 4.5-quart capacity
- No included attachments beyond basic accessories
- Bulkier than smaller models, may be heavy for small kitchens
Best for: Casual bakers or small households needing a reliable, affordable mixer for regular baking tasks.
Not ideal for: Large families or serious bakers working with big batches or dense doughs, due to its limited capacity.
- Capacity:4.5 Quarts
- Material:Stainless Steel
- Number of Speeds:10
- Included Components:Stainless Steel Bowl, Flat Beater, Dough Hook, 6-Wire Whip
- Warranty:1 Year Limited Warranty
Our verdict“Ideal for budget-conscious users prioritizing durability and ease of use for small to medium baking needs.”
KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer K45SS, White
This White version of the classic tilt-head mixer shares the same sturdy, all-metal construction and 4.5-quart capacity as its black counterpart, making it a reliable choice for big batches like cookies or shredded chicken. The tilt-head design facilitates quick ingredient addition, and the 10 speeds provide adequate control for most recipes. Compared to larger, bowl-lift models, this mixer remains more manageable for small kitchens, despite its bulk. The main tradeoff is its limited capacity, which might not suit those making very large quantities regularly. Still, for its price and durability, it offers a solid balance between capacity and ease of use.
Pros:- Durable all-metal construction for longevity
- Large 4.5-quart stainless steel bowl
- Tilt-head for easy ingredient access
- Over 10 optional attachments available
Cons:- Limited capacity for very large batches
- Heavy and bulky for small kitchens
- Basic attachments only included
Best for: Home cooks needing a large-batch mixer that fits into a smaller kitchen footprint, without sacrificing durability.
Not ideal for: Bakers working with extremely large batches or dense doughs that exceed 4.5 quarts frequently.
- Capacity:4.5 Quarts
- Motor Power:275W
- Speeds:10
- Bowl Material:Stainless Steel
- Color:White with silver trim
Our verdict“A dependable, space-conscious choice for those making sizable batches in a manageable, durable mixer.”

How We Picked
This selection process focused on performance, durability, versatility, and value. We evaluated each product’s motor power, capacity, build quality, and compatibility with popular attachments. Ease of use and maintenance were also key factors, ensuring these mixers can withstand regular baking tasks. The ranking reflects a balance between features and price, prioritizing models that offer reliable performance for their intended user. Attachments and accessories were considered as they significantly extend each mixer’s functionality, influencing overall value. Our goal was to identify options that serve different needs, from casual bakers to professional kitchens, while maintaining long-term reliability.| KitchenAid | Color | Included Components |
|---|---|---|
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt H | Pistachio | Stainless Steel Bowl, Pouring Shield |
| KitchenAid Metal Food Grinder | — | Food tray, pusher, grinding plates, sausage stuffer tubes, cleaning brush |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-H | Black Matte | Bowl, Flat Beater, Dough Hook, Wire Whip, Pouring Shield |
| KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt-H | Almond Cream | — |
| KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift S | — | — |
| KitchenAid 5.5-Qt Bowl-Lift St | Porcelain White | — |
| KitchenAid KSMVSA Fresh Prep S | — | Attachment, 3mm Slicing Blade, 4mm Medium Shredding Blade, 6mm Coarse Shredding Blade, Food Pusher, Storage Case |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 | — | Stainless Steel Bowl, Flat Beater, Dough Hook, 6-Wire Whip |
| KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 | White with silver trim | — |
Factors to Consider When Choosing KitchenAid
Choosing the right KitchenAid mixer involves considering several factors beyond basic features. Understanding your baking habits, space constraints, and budget will help narrow down the best fit. The right model should balance power, capacity, and compatibility with accessories, ensuring it meets your specific needs without unnecessary extras. This guide highlights key considerations to help you make an informed decision and avoid common pitfalls like overpaying for features you won’t use or selecting a model too small for your workload.Motor Power and Capacity
Motor strength and bowl size are crucial for handling different baking tasks. For frequent bread kneading or large batches, look for mixers with at least 575 watts and a bowl capacity of 6+ quarts. Smaller models, around 4.5 quarts, suit light baking or occasional use but may struggle with heavy doughs. Overestimating your needs can lead to unnecessary expense, while underestimating may cause frustration or appliance failure. Consider your typical baking volume and choose a model that offers a comfortable margin to prevent overworking the motor.
Build Quality and Materials
Durability hinges on the materials used; die-cast metal construction generally outperforms plastic in longevity and stability. A sturdy build reduces vibrations during operation and extends the appliance’s lifespan. However, metal models tend to be heavier and more costly. If you plan on frequent use or heavy mixing, investing in a metal-bodied mixer is wise. For occasional bakers, a well-designed plastic model can save money without sacrificing performance, but it may wear out faster over time.
Attachments and Expandability
Attachments like meat grinders, pasta rollers, and slicers significantly expand a mixer’s utility. Compatibility and ease of attachment are important factors; some models include a variety of accessories, offering better value. Keep in mind that additional attachments often come at extra cost, so consider whether you’ll genuinely use them regularly. Also, check if the attachments are dishwasher-safe and easy to clean, as this impacts ongoing maintenance and convenience.
Design and Aesthetic Choices
While performance is paramount, the aesthetic of your KitchenAid can influence your satisfaction, especially if your kitchen has a specific decor style. Color options and design finishes vary widely, allowing customization to match your kitchen’s look. However, some finishes may be more prone to scratches or fingerprints. Also, consider the size and weight if you need to store the mixer or move it frequently. Aesthetics should complement your kitchen without compromising functionality or durability.
Price and Value
Premium models offer more power, larger capacity, and better build quality, but they come with a higher price tag. Budget options tend to be lighter and smaller, suitable for infrequent use or limited space. To maximize value, assess how often you’ll use the mixer and which features are essential. Opting for a slightly higher investment can pay off if it ensures the mixer lasts longer and handles a wider range of tasks, saving money in the long run. Conversely, overpaying for features you don’t need can lead to buyer’s remorse.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use KitchenAid attachments on any model?
Most KitchenAid attachments are designed to be compatible with specific series, primarily the Artisan and Classic models. Many attachments are interchangeable within the same series but may not fit older or lower-end models. Before purchasing an attachment, verify its compatibility with your mixer’s model number. Using incompatible attachments can damage your appliance or lead to poor performance, so checking compatibility ensures you get the most value and longevity from your accessories.
Is a higher wattage mixer always better?
While increased wattage generally means more power, it doesn’t automatically translate to better performance for every user. A higher wattage mixer can handle tougher doughs and larger batches more easily, making it ideal for frequent or heavy-duty baking. However, for light tasks like whipping cream or mixing cake batter, lower-wattage models often suffice and consume less electricity. Consider your typical baking needs before opting for the most powerful model, as overpaying for unnecessary power can be a waste of money.
How important is the material of the mixing bowl?
The bowl material impacts durability, weight, and ease of cleaning. Stainless steel bowls are the most durable and resistant to staining or odors, making them suitable for frequent use. Glass bowls are heavy and may chip or break but allow you to see the contents easily. Plastic bowls are lightweight and budget-friendly but can stain or retain odors over time. Choose a bowl material that aligns with your baking frequency and storage preferences to ensure long-term satisfaction.
Should I prioritize a model with more attachments?
Attachments greatly extend the functionality of your KitchenAid mixer, turning it into a multi-purpose kitchen tool. If you often prepare a variety of foods, investing in a model with multiple attachments makes sense. However, if your baking is limited or specific, additional attachments may be unnecessary and add clutter or cost. Always check the compatibility and storage options for attachments to avoid buying accessories you’ll rarely use, ensuring your investment remains practical.
Is it worth paying more for a KitchenAid model with a larger capacity?
Choosing a larger capacity mixer is beneficial if you regularly prepare large batches or knead heavy doughs, saving time and effort. The increased size can handle more ingredients at once, making it suitable for bigger families or professional use. However, larger models tend to be heavier, bulkier, and more expensive, which might be inconvenient for smaller kitchens or infrequent bakers. Evaluate your typical recipes and available space before deciding, to avoid paying for capacity you won’t utilize regularly.
Conclusion
For those who prioritize overall performance and durability, the KitchenAid Artisan 5-Qt Tilt Head Stand Mixer remains the best choice, especially for serious home bakers. Budget-conscious buyers will appreciate the KitchenAid Classic Series 4.5 Quart Mixer for its affordability and reliable performance. If you need a mixer for large batches and frequent use, the KitchenAid 7 Quart Bowl-Lift Model offers unmatched capacity and power. Beginners or casual bakers should focus on smaller, lighter models with essential features, while professionals or heavy users might consider models with extensive attachments and higher wattage. Each choice should align with your baking habits, space, and budget to ensure satisfaction over time.Labor Day sales Picks
labor day deals
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.











